Main and International Shrines
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4. Places of Worship
4.1 Main and International Shrines
Origin and legends of the apparition (Liber de Apparitione)
The Sanctuary of St Michael the Archangel in Monte Sant'Angelo, located on the Gargano promontory in Apulia, is one of the oldest places of micaelic cult in Europe. According to tradition, the Archangel Michael appeared four times between 490 and 1656, events narrated in the Liber de apparitione Sancti Michaelis in Monte Gargano, an 8th century hagiographic text.
The first apparition occurred in 490, when a rich lord of the Gargano, Elvio Emanuele, found his lost bull inside a cave. Attempting to hit him with an arrow, it reversed its trajectory, wounding him. The Archangel Michael later appeared to Bishop Lorenzo Maiorano, indicating that the cave was sacred to him and should be consecrated to Christian worship.
The second apparition, in 492, occurred during the siege of Siponto by Odoacer's troops. Michael promised victory to the faithful, who actually defeated the besiegers.
The third apparition, in 493, saw the Archangel declare that the cave had already been consecrated by his presence, making a human consecration unnecessary. Since then, the sanctuary has been known as the 'Celestial Basilica'.
The fourth apparition, in 1656, during a devastating plague epidemic, saw the Archangel instruct Archbishop Alfonso Puccinelli to bless stones in the grotto with the sign of the cross and the letters 'M.A.'. (Michael the Archangel). Whoever carried them would be protected from the plague.
History of the sanctuary and architectural development
The sanctuary is on two levels:
Upper level: includes the Romanesque portal and bell tower, known as the Angevin tower, erected by Charles of Anjou as thanks for the conquest of southern Italy.
Lower level: includes the grotto, accessible via the Angevin staircase, the devotional museum and the crypts. The grotto houses the Carrara marble statue of St Michael Archangel, sculpted by Andrea Sansovino in 1507, depicting the Archangel with a sword, symbol of his power over evil.
The bronze doors of the sanctuary, made in Constantinople in 1076, are divided into 24 panels depicting angelic episodes from the Old and New Testaments.
Role in medieval and Lombard pilgrimage
During the early Middle Ages, the shrine became a major Christian pilgrimage destination, an integral part of the Via Sacra Langobardorum, a branch of the Via Francigena. The Lombards, after their conversion to Catholicism, adopted St Michael as their patron saint, spreading his cult throughout the kingdom.
Numerous illustrious pilgrims visited the shrine, including popes (Gelasius I, Leo IX, Urban II, John Paul II), sovereigns (Otto III, Henry II, Matilda of Canossa) and saints (St Francis of Assisi, who stopped in prayer at the entrance to the grotto in 1216, believing himself unworthy to enter it).
Worship and liturgical celebrations (8 May, 29 September)
The main festivities dedicated to St Michael the Archangel are:
8 May: commemorates the first apparition of the Archangel in 490.
29 September: liturgical feast of Archangel Michael, shared with Archangels Gabriel and Raphael.
During these festivities, processions, solemn masses and traditional rites take place, attracting numerous believers and pilgrims.
Cultural and spiritual impact in Southern Italy
The sanctuary has had a profound cultural and spiritual impact in Southern Italy, serving as a reference point for the spread of the Micaelic cult. Its influence also extends to the toponymy and religious architecture of the region.
In 2011, the sanctuary was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the serial site 'Lombards in Italy: places of power (568-774 A.D.)'.
Iconography and relics present
The Sanctuary of St Michael Archangel in Monte Sant'Angelo preserves a rich iconographic and devotional heritage, evidence of the deep veneration for the Archangel over the centuries.
Statue of St Michael Archangel: Made in 1507 by Andrea Sansovino, this Carrara marble sculpture depicts the Archangel in an upright position, holding a sword in his right hand, symbolising his fight against evil. The statue is placed inside the grotto, the spiritual heart of the sanctuary.
Bronze doors: Forged in Constantinople in 1076, the entrance doors to the sanctuary are divided into 24 panels illustrating angelic episodes from the Old and New Testaments. These works represent a significant example of Byzantine art and medieval devotion.
Episcopal Chair: Inside the grotto is a marble episcopal chair, dating back to the 12th century, supported by stylised lions. This liturgical element symbolises spiritual authority and the continuity of the Christian tradition.
Longobard crypts: Located below the level of the cave, the crypts date back to the 7th-8th centuries and feature wall inscriptions, some in runic characters, left by medieval pilgrims. These graffiti testify to the importance of the sanctuary as an international pilgrimage destination.
Sanctuary Museum: The museum attached to the sanctuary houses a vast collection of sacred objects, including votive offerings, liturgical vestments, ceramics and coins, offering an overview of popular devotion and sacred art related to the cult of St. Michael.
Multimedia content
To deepen your knowledge of the Sanctuary of San Michele Arcangelo, various multimedia contents are available:
Video
Sources and bibliography
For an in-depth academic and historical study of the Sanctuary of St Michael Archangel, the following works are recommended:
Carletti, C.; Otranto, G. (1990). Il santuario di San Michele Arcangelo sul Gargano dal origini al X secolo. Bari: Edipuglia.
Belli D'Elia, P.; Mavelli, R.; Tripputi, A. M. (1999). L'angelo, la montagna, il pellegrino: Monte Sant'Angelo e il santuario di San Michele del Gargano dalle origini ai nostri giorni. Foggia: Claudio Grenzi.
Fischetti, F. P. (1973). Mercury, Mithra, Michael: magic, myth and mysteries in the Grotta dell'Arcangelo. Monte Sant'Angelo: Tip. La Garganica.
Piemontese, G. (1997). San Michele e il suo santuario: via sacra Langobardorum. Foggia: Edistampa.
Angelillis, C. (1955-1957). Il santuario del Gargano e il culto di S. Michele nel mondo. Foggia: Cappetta.
4.1.2 Mont-Saint-Michel (France)
Foundation and visions of the Archangel to St Aubert
According to tradition, in 708 the Archangel Michael appeared in a dream to Saint Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, asking him to build a sanctuary on the rock of Mont Tombe. After ignoring the first two visions, at the third the Archangel touched the bishop's skull, leaving a hole still visible today in the skull preserved in the cathedral of Avranches. Later, Aubertus had an oratory dedicated to Saint Michael built, marking the beginning of the micaelic cult on the mountain.
Historical and architectural evolution of the abbey
In 966, a Benedictine community settled on the mountain, starting the construction of the abbey. The architecture of the abbey developed over the centuries, integrating Romanesque and Gothic styles.
Particularly noteworthy is the 'Merveille' complex, built between the 13th and 15th centuries, which includes the cloister, refectory and knights' hall.
During the Hundred Years War, the abbey was fortified to resist English sieges. During the French Revolution, the abbey was deconsecrated and turned into a prison, a function it retained until 1863. Later, major restoration work was undertaken, culminating in 1896 with the installation of the neo-Gothic spire surmounted by the gilded statue of St Michael .
Mont-Saint-Michel as a symbol of the spiritual struggle
The abbey's isolated location, surrounded by tides and suspended between heaven and earth, symbolises the spiritual struggle between good and evil. The golden statue of the Archangel Michael atop the spire represents the victory of light over darkness, making Mont-Saint-Michel a powerful symbol of faith and spiritual resistance.
Links with the French monarchy and the Order of St. Michael
In 1469, King Louis XI founded the Order of St. Michael and designated the abbey as the ceremonial seat of the order. However, the distance from Paris made the implementation of this project difficult. Nevertheless, the abbey maintained close ties with the French monarchy, receiving donations and privileges that increased its prestige.
Pilgrimage tradition and current devotion
Since its foundation, Mont-Saint-Michel has been a destination for pilgrims. The pilgrims, known as 'Miquelots', came from all over Europe to venerate the Archangel Michael. Today, the pilgrimage continues, with routes retracing the ancient medieval routes. The abbey also hosts liturgical and spiritual celebrations, keeping the devotional tradition alive.
Iconography and symbolism of the place
The abbey is rich in symbolism:
Golden statue of St Michael: placed on top of the spire, it represents the Archangel in the act of defeating the dragon, symbol of evil.
Cloister: designed for meditation, with openings towards the sea symbolising infinity and transcendence.
Vertical architecture: the structure of the abbey, rising towards the sky, represents spiritual ascension and the search for divinity.
These elements contribute to making Mont-Saint-Michel not only an architectural masterpiece, but also a powerful spiritual symbol.
Multimedia content
Selected images of Mont-Saint-Michel
Panoramic view of Mont-Saint-Michel at sunset
Aerial view of Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey
Cloister of the Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel
Video
"The Timeless Beauty of Mont-Saint-Michel| FULL DOCUMENTARY".
A documentary exploring the architecture and history of Mont-Saint-Michel through the centuries.
Mont Saint Michel: The Unconquered Fortress of God
This documentary reveals the secrets of the ancient fortress of Mont-Saint-Michel.
Sources and bibliography
"Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel", Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org:
"Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey", Wikipedia (EN): en.wikipedia.orgWikipedia
4.1.3 Sacra di San Michele (Italy)
Founding legend and the role of Hugh of Montboissier
The foundation of the Sacra di San Michele is shrouded in legends. It is said that St John Vincent, wishing to build a church, prepared the materials during the day, but these were mysteriously moved during the night to Mount Pirchiriano, interpreted as a divine sign to build the abbey there.
Between 983 and 987, the French nobleman Hugh of Montboissier, also known as Hugh the Disinherited, founded the abbey with the support of the Arduinica family and the approval of the bishop of Turin, Amizone .
Strategic and spiritual function along the Via Francigena
Situated at the entrance to the Susa Valley, the Sacra di San Michele occupied a strategic position along the Via Francigena, the pilgrimage route that connected Canterbury to Rome and continued to Puglia for embarkation to the Holy Land. Its location made it both a spiritual and military landmark, controlling access between Italy and France.
Romanesque-Gothic architecture and symbolic meanings
The abbey presents a combination of Romanesque and Gothic styles. Distinctive elements include the 'Staircase of the Dead', a flight of steps leading to the 'Portal of the Zodiac', decorated with astrological symbols. The structure blends harmoniously with the rock of the mountain, symbolising spiritual ascent and the connection between earth and sky.
Cultural presence in literature (e.g. 'The Name of the Rose')
The Sacra di San Michele inspired Umberto Eco for the setting of his novel 'The Name of the Rose'. Although the location of the film based on the book was shot elsewhere, the Piedmontese abbey influenced the description of the monastic setting in the novel.
Monastic tradition and Alpine spirituality
Founded as a Benedictine monastery, the Sacra di San Michele has been a centre of Alpine spirituality, offering hospitality to pilgrims and serving as a place of prayer and meditation. Its elevated and isolated position favoured a monastic life dedicated to contemplation and spiritual recollection.
Sacred art and architectural symbolism
Inside the abbey are important works of sacred art, such as the triptych by Defendente Ferrari and frescoes by Secondo Delbosco of Poirino. The architecture itself is rich in symbolism, with elements representing the struggle between good and evil, spiritual ascent and cosmic order.
Multimedia content
High-resolution images
Panoramic view of the Sacra di San Michele
Sacra di San Michele in winter
View of the Sacra di San Michele with the Alps in the backgroun
Aerial view of the Sacra di San Michele
Video documentaries and reports
1. "The Sacra di San Michele - Journey through history and legend".
A documentary broadcast by RaiPlay that explores the thousand-year history of the abbey.
2. "Sacra di San Michele - The symbolic monument of Piedmont".
A video narrating the history and cultural importance of the abbey.
3. "The Sacra di San Michele narrated by Tatiana".
A playlist of videos exploring various aspects of the abbey.
4. Piedmont: the ascent to Paradise' - Freedom, Mediaset
An episode of the programme 'Freedom' dedicated to the Sacra di San Michele.
Sources and references
Wikipedia - Legend about the foundation of the Sacra di San MicheleWikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
Wikipedia - Via FrancigenaWikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
SiViaggia - The Sacra di San Michele and 'The Name of the Rose' MeteoWeb+2SiViaggia+2
4.1.4 Skellig Michael (Ireland)
- Early Christian monastic settlement on the island
Skellig Michael, known in Gaelic as Sceilg Mhich l, is home to a Christian monastery founded between the 6th and 8th centuries, attributed to St Fion n. The monks built beehive-shaped cells (cloch n) and dry-stone oratories, which can still be seen today. The site, located over 200 metres above sea level, is an exceptional example of primitive monastic architecture.
Celtic hermit life and ascetic spirituality
The monks led an ascetic life, isolated from the world, devoting themselves to prayer, meditation and survival in extreme conditions. Their diet was based on fish, seabird eggs and vegetables grown in small terraced gardens.
Link between rugged landscape and spiritual asceticism
The impervious environment of the island, with its sheer cliffs overlooking the Atlantic, symbolised the separation from the earthly world and the ascent towards the divine. The ascent of over 600 stone steps represented a physical and spiritual path towards communion with God .
Conservation and UNESCO recognition
In 1996, Skellig Michael was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding universal value as a testimony to primitive monastic life. The site is managed by the Irish Office of Public Works, which is responsible for its conservation and controlled visitor access.
Symbolic interpretations and film references (e.g. Star Wars)
The island was chosen as the location for the planet Ahch-To in the films Star Wars: The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, depicting Luke Skywalker's refuge. Its mystical and secluded atmosphere has contributed to the spiritual and symbolic imagery of the island.
Contemporary spiritual value
Today, Skellig Michael continues to be a place of pilgrimage and spiritual reflection. Its combination of natural beauty, monastic history and symbolic significance attracts visitors seeking a unique contemplative experience.
Multimedia content
Images
Video
"The Edge of Europe" - Documentary on the history of Skellig Michael
Sources and references
Heritage Ireland - Sceilg Mhich l
Earth Trekkers - Skellig Michael: One of Ireland's Most Unique Destinations
4.1.5 Symi Monastery (Greece)
Byzantine origins and Orthodox devotion to the Archangel
The Monastery of Panormitis, dedicated to the Archangel Michael, is located in the southern part of the island of Symi in the Dodecanese. Although the exact date of its foundation is uncertain, it is believed that an early place of worship arose around the 5th century AD, probably on an ancient temple dedicated to Apollo. The present monastic structure dates back to the 18th century, with significant renovations and extensions over time. The monastery is one of the main Orthodox centres of worship dedicated to the Archangel Michael in Greece.
Role of the Monastery of Panormitis in Greek tradition
Panormitis is considered an important place of pilgrimage for the Orthodox faithful, especially sailors and their families, who venerate the Archangel Michael as their protector. Tradition has it that the icon of the Archangel, kept in the monastery, is miraculous and has the power to protect seafarers and answer the prayers of the devout.
Miraculous cults and maritime pilgrimages
Every year, on 8 November, the feast of the Archangel Michael is celebrated, attracting numerous pilgrims from all over Greece and beyond. Many arrive by sea, following ancient maritime pilgrimage routes. During the celebrations, the icon of the Archangel is carried in procession, and the faithful offer votive gifts in gratitude for the graces received.
Thaumaturgical icons and votive objects
The monastery's main icon, about two metres high and clad in silver, is the focus of devotion. The faithful offer votive offerings, including model ships, personal items and even brooms, in reference to a legend that the Archangel Michael cleans the monastery during the night.
Orthodoxy Spirituality and Local Liturgical Practices
The monastery follows the Orthodox Byzantine rite, with the celebration of the Divine Liturgy and canonical hours. Liturgical services are accompanied by Byzantine chants and traditional rituals, keeping Orthodox spirituality and secular monastic practices alive.
Presence in Aegean folklore and culture
The Monastery of Panormitis is deeply rooted in Aegean culture and folklore. Local legends tell of miracles attributed to the Archangel Michael and supernatural events linked to the monastery. Its presence has influenced the music, poetry and folk traditions of the island of Symi and the surrounding regions.
Multimedia content
Images
Panoramic view of the Panormitis Monastery
Baroque bell tower of the Panormitis Monastery
View of the Panormitis Monastery from the bay
Panormitis Monastery in the evening light
Video
Sources and references
Wikipedia - Monastery of St Michael Archangel of PanormitisWikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
OrthodoxWiki - Archangel Michael of Panormitis
GreekBoston - Visit the Monastery of Panormitis on Symi Island