Famous works of art dedicated to St. Michael: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 20:55, 30 June 2025

3.6 - Famous works of art dedicated to St. Michael

3.6.1 - Raphael's Saint Michael

• Analysis of the painting in the Louvre

The painting Saint Michael and the Dragon by Raphael Sanzio, painted around 1505, is kept at the Musée du Louvre in Paris. It is a small work (about 30 x 26 cm), executed in oil on panel. The work depicts the Archangel Michael in the act of defeating the dragon, symbol of evil, with an unsheathed sword, as he decisively tramples him down. The background presents a hellish landscape, with elements recalling the iconography of the Apocalypse and Nordic influences, in particular from artists such as Hieronymus Bosch.

Composition, colours and symbolism

The composition is dynamic: the Archangel is depicted in motion, his wings spread and his right leg raised, suggesting imminent action. The colours used by Raphael are intense and contrasting, with the gold of the armour standing out against the dark sky and the infernal landscape. The dragon, with monstrous features, represents evil to be defeated, while the figure of St. Michael embodies divine justice. The work also reflects influences from Flemish painting, evident in the attention to detail and atmospheric rendering.

Reflections on the cultural and spiritual context

Created during Raphael's first stay in Florence, the painting reflects the artist's interest in religious themes and his ability to combine Italian and Nordic influences. The work may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, as a symbol of protection and justice. The depiction of St. Michael defeating the dragon symbolises the victory of good over evil, a recurring theme in Christian art and particularly felt at a time of political and religious turmoil.

Multimedia content

Images

• St. Michael and the Dragon - Raphael Sanzio (1505)

• Detail of the face of St Michael

• Detail of the defeated dragon

Sources

Saint Michael and the dragon - WikipediaWikipedia, the free encyclopedia+5Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia+5

Raphael's Saint Michael and the Dragon: History and Description - Arteworld.itArte World

Saint Michael and the Dragon - Arte.itArte+1

3.6.2 - The Saint Michael by Guido Reni

• Description of the canvas and its iconographic fortune

Guido Reni's famous Saint Michael Archangel, painted between 1635 and 1636 for the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini in Rome, is one of the greatest masterpieces of Baroque iconography. The canvas depicts the Archangel in a moment of perfect balance between grace and power: Michael is caught in the moment of triumph over the devil, who lies at his feet twisted and defeated.

The elegance of the shining armour, the fluid dynamism of the blue mantle, the composed and almost impassive attitude of the Archangel make it an ideal example of classical and spiritual beauty.

Guido Reni, inspired by Greco-Roman sculpture and Renaissance painting, creates a figure that transcends time, embodying the Christian ideal of good overcoming evil with majestic serenity.

Since its creation, the work has enjoyed extraordinary fortune. Copies and engravings were made of it that helped spread the iconographic model throughout Europe and the Catholic missionary territories. The figure of St. Michael as conceived by Reni became an obligatory reference point for the representation of the Archangel in subsequent centuries.

The ideal of angelic beauty and triumph over the devil

Guido Reni's Saint Michael is the sublimation of the angelic ideal: a young man with perfect, almost androgynous features, calm and composed even in the moment of struggle. The absence of tension in his face and posture contrasts with the contorted body of Satan, who screams and struggles under the weight of divine authority.

The contrast between light and darkness is made clear by the chromatic rendering: Michael's light and celestial tones against the bronze and shadowy body of the devil. The Archangel shows no signs of anger or fatigue: it is justice made beautiful, spirituality triumphing without violence.

This interpretation fits perfectly into the climate of the Counter-Reformation, in which sacred art was called upon to instruct, inspire and strengthen faith through edifying images. Michael is therefore here also a moral model for the faithful: the just man who defeats evil with the power of purity and truth.

Diffusion of the Image in Later Sacred Art

The iconographic impact of Guido Reni's St. Michael was immediate and lasting. The work was copied by painters and engravers throughout Italy and abroad. In the 17th and 18th centuries, versions inspired by Reni's model appeared in churches and cathedrals from Spain to Mexico, from Poland to southern Italy.

In particular, Jesuit missions in Latin America spread reproductions among indigenous communities, where St. Michael became one of the most popular sacred subjects. Even in modern times, the image is used for votive representations, holy cards, stained glass windows and altars, becoming an integral part of popular devotion.

The 'Reni model' even survives in contemporary film and religious media as an iconic symbol of good triumphing over evil. Its influence can also be seen in some contemporary depictions of the Apocalypse and the Last Judgement.

Sources and references

• R. Longhi, Guido Reni e la pittura devota, Turin, Einaudi, 1954

• M. Fagiolo, Iconography and Devotion of St. Michael in the Baroque Age, in Studi sul Barocco italiano, Rome, 2001

• Guido Reni - Works and historical context, Encyclopaedia Treccani, www.treccani.it

• Capuchin Museum, Rome - Baroque Art Section

• Wikimedia Commons - Public image and canvas documentation

• TV2000 - Series 'Saints in Art History

• Europeana - Digital Archive of European Cultural Heritage

3.6.3 - Michelangelo's Last Judgement (Sistine Chapel)

• The Archangel's position in the eschatological scene

In the grandiose Last Judgement fresco (1536-1541) painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the Archangel Michael occupies a central position in the Christian eschatological narrative.

Located just below the figure of Christ the Judge, Saint Michael is depicted as the angel of judgement and divine justice: he wears a breastplate and holds the scales of souls, symbol of psychostasy, and a sword, symbol of divine executive power. His figure stands solemnly between the saved and the damned, in a composition that emphasises his role as an intermediary between mercy and eternal condemnation.

Michelangelo, following the Christian and patristic tradition, assigns Michael the task of guide in the hour of final judgement, representing him with a powerful but restrained dynamism, indicating the absolute seriousness of the function he performs.

Iconography of judgement and psychostasy

The iconography of psychostasy (the weighing of souls) has a long tradition in Christian art, but Michelangelo reinterprets it in a dramatic and monumental key. Saint Michael is here the weigher and guardian of the divine order, the one who oversees the passage of souls from time to eternity.

In contrast to the more narrative medieval representations, the Sistine fresco concentrates the scene in a single, explosive moment: souls ascend or fall without a break, while Michael imposes himself as a balancing point in the turbulence of the Judgement.

In this theological and artistic vision, the scales do not visibly hang from a hand, but rest firmly in its grip: justice is exercised, not delegated. The Archangel thus becomes the visible guarantor of the mystery of salvation and condemnation.

Symbology of the raised arm and the sword

One of the most striking elements of the depiction is the position of St Michael's raised arm, holding the sword, ready to be brandished. This gesture symbolises not violence, but the power of God's word and will that judges irrevocably.

The sword is directed downwards, towards the damned: a clear sign of the separation between light and darkness, between grace and rejection. The outstretched arm also represents the active verb of divine judgement, which is accomplished instantaneously in the presence of the glorified Christ.

In this gesture, angelic strength, eschatological authority and fidelity to the divine mission are united. Saint Michael is here not only a warrior, but an executor of the transcendent will, a symbol of a superior order that imposes itself beyond history.

Video

• "Life of Michelangelo - The Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2018)

• "Everyday Iconologies: Michelangelo, Last Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2022)

• "At the end of time. Michelangelo, the Last Judgement and..."

• "Monday's work: Michelangelo, the Last Judgement".

Articles and insights

• "A few centimetres from Beauty" - Vatican News

• "Discovering the virtual Sistine world" - L'Osservatore Romano

Sources and references

• C. Pietrangeli, Michelangelo: The Last Judgement, Electa, Milan, 1996

• H. Hibbard, Michelangelo, Rizzoli, Milan, 1989

• Catechism of the Catholic Church, §§ 678-682 (The Last Judgement)

• Vatican Museums - Sistine Chapel Section

• Vatican News - Special "Restoration of the Last Judgement

• Wikimedia Commons - Public domain images

• Vatican Media - Official documentaries

• Rai Cultura - Dossier on Michelangelo and the Apocalypse

3.6.4 - St. Michael in Renaissance altarpieces

• Famous examples: Perugino, Dosso Dossi, Beato Angelico

In the Renaissance, the Archangel Michael was depicted in numerous altarpieces, including:

• Pietro Perugino: In the Vallombrosa Altarpiece, Saint Michael is depicted with elegance and harmony, distinctive characteristics of Perugino's style.

• Dosso Dossi: In the Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael the Archangel, Saint Michael is depicted with a dynamic pose and vivid colours typical of the Ferrara Renaissance.

• Fra Angelico: In the Fiesole Altarpiece, St. Michael appears next to the Virgin and other saints, with a serene and contemplative expression, reflecting the spirituality of the time.

The liturgical role of shovels and public devotion

Renaissance altarpieces played a central role in liturgy and public devotion. Placed above the altar, they served as a focal point during religious celebrations, helping the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of faith. Saint Michael, often depicted in these works, symbolised the struggle between good and evil, offering devotees a model of virtue and courage.

Iconographic refinement and spiritual functions

The representations of St Michael in Renaissance altarpieces are characterised by an iconographic refinement that combines classical and Christian elements. The Archangel is often depicted with armour, sword and scales, symbols of divine justice and the fight against evil. These images not only decorated churches, but also served to instruct and inspire the faithful, strengthening their faith and devotion.

Sources and references

• Wikipedia - Pala di Vallombrosa

• Wikipedia - Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel

• Wikipedia - Pala di Fiesole

3.6.5 - Monumental sculptures of St Michael

• The San Michele on the Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome)

At the top of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome stands the famous bronze statue of St Michael the Archangel, created between 1747 and 1752 by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt. The work depicts the Archangel in the act of sheathing his sword, a gesture that symbolises the end of the plague that struck Rome in 590 AD. According to tradition, Pope Gregory the Great had a vision in which St Michael appeared above Hadrian's mausoleum, announcing the end of the epidemic.

The current statue is the sixth version placed on the castle and is an iconic landmark in the Roman cityscape, visible from various points in the city. Its presence symbolises divine protection over Rome and the victory of good over evil.

Gothic and Baroque sculptures in European cathedrals

Numerous European cathedrals host monumental sculptures dedicated to St Michael, evidence of the spread of the Michaelic cult:

• Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels: originally dedicated to St. Michael, it has Gothic elements that attest to its importance in the cult of the Archangel.

• St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne: located in the French medieval city, it is a significant example of Gothic architecture dedicated to the Archangel.

• Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna: it houses a bronze statue of St Michael Archangel made by Alessandro Algardi around 1647, an example of Baroque sculpture depicting the Archangel in the act of defeating the devil.

Urban and architectural symbolism

Monumental sculptures of St Michael are not only works of art, but also symbols of protection and spiritual guidance in European cities. Their placement at strategic points, such as the top of buildings or the entrance to cathedrals, represents the Archangel's vigilance against the forces of evil.

An emblematic example is the Sacra di San Michele in Piedmont, located on the summit of Mount Pirchiriano. This architectural complex, perched at the entrance to the Susa Valley, is part of the so-called 'Linea Sacra di San Michele', an alignment of seven sanctuaries dedicated to the Archangel stretching from Ireland to Israel.

Sources and references

• Statue of St Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo - castelsantangeloroma.it

• Brussels Cathedral - scopribruxelles.com

• St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne - worldcitytrail.com

• Saint Michael Archangel by Alessandro Algardi - baroqueart.museumwnf.org

• Sacra di San Michele - Wikipedia

• Sacra di San Michele line - geopop.it

• General Catalogue of Cultural Goods - Statue of St Michael Archangel

• Alamy - Statue of St. Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo

• Bologna Welcome - Medieval Civic Museum

• Filiamovia - Sacra di San Michele

3.6.6 - St Michael in Flemish and Nordic Art

• Hans Memling, Van Eyck, Bosch: Dramatic Reinterpretations

Flemish and Nordic art of the 15th and 16th centuries offered intense and dramatic interpretations of the figure of St. Michael the Archangel, especially in the scenes of the Last Judgement.

• Hans Memling, in his Triptych of the Last Judgement (1467-1473), depicts St. Michael in the centre of the main panel, weighing souls with scales, separating the blessed from the damned. The work, commissioned by the Florentine banker Angelo Tani, is now in the National Museum in Gda?sk .

• Jan van Eyck, in the Diptych of the Crucifixion and Last Judgement (1430-1440), presents a detailed vision of the Judgement, with St Michael separating the righteous from the wicked, in a seascape where the dead rise from their graves.

• Hieronymus Bosch, in his Last Judgement (1506-1508), offers a visionary and symbolic representation, with St. Michael weighing souls among hybrid creatures and hellish landscapes. The fragment of the work is kept in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich .

Theological approach and attention to detail

Flemish and Nordic artists are distinguished by their accuracy of detail and theological insight in their works. St Michael is often depicted with richly decorated armour, symbols of divine justice and instruments of judgement, such as the scales and the sword. The scenes of the

Last Judgement are loaded with symbolism, with scriptural and iconographic references reflecting the religious beliefs of the time.

The Archangel in the Judgement and weighing scene

St Michael is frequently depicted in the act of weighing souls, determining the eternal fate of people. This representation emphasises his role as judge and defender of divine justice. Scales often show a soul on one side and a devil or a symbolic weight on the other, highlighting the struggle between good and evil.

Sources and references

• Hans Memling - Wikipedia

• Gdansk triptych - Wikipedia

• Jan van Eyck - Wikipedia

• Hieronymus Bosch - Wikipedia

• Last Judgement (Bosch Munich) - Wikipedia

3.6.7 - Modern and Contemporary Works

• Representations of the 20th-21st centuries (Chagall, Dalí)

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the figure of St Michael the Archangel has been reinterpreted by artists such as

Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí, who offered new symbolic and spiritual perspectives.

• Marc Chagall integrated biblical and spiritual themes into his works, using vivid colours and dreamlike compositions. Although he has no direct representation of St. Michael, his art reflects the struggle between good and evil, themes central to the figure of the Archangel.

• Salvador Dalí, in his 'nuclear mysticism' phase, explored religious themes through a surrealist lens. Works such as Christ of St. John of the Cross (1951) and Corpus Hypercubus (1954) show an interest in spirituality and transcendence, elements associated with the figure of St. Michael.

Symbolic and spiritual reworkings

Modern and contemporary art has often used the figure of St Michael as a symbol of justice, protection and the fight against evil. Contemporary artists have reinterpreted the Archangel in a symbolic way, addressing themes such as spirituality, social justice and resistance against injustice.

The Archangel between spirituality and denouncing evil

Saint Michael continues to be an emblematic figure in contemporary culture, representing the struggle between good and evil. His image is used in various artistic contexts to express the need for justice, protection and resistance against negative forces.

Sources and references

Marc Chagall - Wikipedia

Salvador Dalí - Wikipedia

Marc Chagall's Ceiling for the Paris Opera - YouTube

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 == Recommended media content ==
-== Pictures ==
+=== Pictures ===
-                            • Guido Reni - St. Michael defeating Satan (1636)
+[https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=6d27a280cc9bfc7a&q=View+on+Wikimedia+Commons&udm=2&fbs=AIIjpHyQhmcRdwyssNp0H4fUJo6s5eOtN-b8ZNcymYPhjpCSkW37LirDJgiI7B21cdL_qIPsr6wESQxAPWLF5vBJ3rXuwVJgxHklm26ctB1Nm-WqEjH54ylA4xgz5HnUS5AQ-R4FtClI7273Tjgwm8sc-xCYVYrUeFoUgkoeDocKdYa5IUG_VYwzvxox9FldSL_fZQG_av_t&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiipfD64JmOAxWn_rsIHdAtObUQtKgLKAF6BAgREAE&biw=1366&bih=581&dpr=1 • Guido Reni - St. Michael defeating Satan (1636)]
-? Church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini, Rome
+Church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini, Rome
-? View on Wikimedia Commons
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Michele_Arcangelo_sconfigge_Satana • Detail of the painting]
-                            • Detail of the painting
+[https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0100408025 • 17th-century engraving inspired by Reni's work]
-? View on Wikipedia
+=== Video ===
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdWhVNhoeyU • Guido Reni: the beauty and grace of the Baroque]
-                            • 17th-century engraving inspired by Reni's work
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMv_hg_i7Ys • St Michael, the warrior angel of God]
-? Cultural Heritage Catalogue
+== Sources and references ==
+• R. Longhi, Guido Reni e la pittura devota, Turin, Einaudi, 1954
-Video
+• M. Fagiolo, Iconography and Devotion of St. Michael in the Baroque Age, in Studi sul Barocco italiano, Rome, 2001
-                            • ? Guido Reni: the beauty and grace of the Baroque
+[http://www.treccani.it/ • Guido Reni - Works and historical context, Encyclopaedia Treccani, www.treccani.it]
-<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdWhVNhoeyU</nowiki>
+• Capuchin Museum, Rome - Baroque Art Section
-                            • ? St Michael, the warrior angel of God
+• Wikimedia Commons - Public image and canvas documentation
-<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMv_hg_i7Ys</nowiki>
+• TV2000 - Series 'Saints in Art History
-? Sources and references
+• Europeana - Digital Archive of European Cultural Heritage
-                            • R. Longhi, Guido Reni e la pittura devota, Turin, Einaudi, 1954
+== 3.6.3 - Michelangelo's Last Judgement (Sistine Chapel) ==
-                            • M. Fagiolo, Iconography and Devotion of St. Michael in the Baroque Age, in Studi sul Barocco italiano, Rome, 2001
-                            • Guido Reni - Works and historical context, Encyclopaedia Treccani, www.treccani.it
-                            • Capuchin Museum, Rome - Baroque Art Section
-                            • Wikimedia Commons - Public image and canvas documentation
-                            • TV2000 - Series 'Saints in Art History
-                            • Europeana - Digital Archive of European Cultural Heritage
-.6.3 - Michelangelo's Last Judgement (Sistine Chapel)
-                            • ?? The Archangel's position in the eschatological scene
+=== • The Archangel's position in the eschatological scene ===
 In the grandiose Last Judgement fresco (1536-1541) painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the Archangel Michael occupies a central position in the Christian eschatological narrative.
@@ Line 119: / Line 106: @@
 Michelangelo, following the Christian and patristic tradition, assigns Michael the task of guide in the hour of final judgement, representing him with a powerful but restrained dynamism, indicating the absolute seriousness of the function he performs.
-?? Iconography of judgement and psychostasy
+=== Iconography of judgement and psychostasy ===
 The iconography of psychostasy (the weighing of souls) has a long tradition in Christian art, but Michelangelo reinterprets it in a dramatic and monumental key. Saint Michael is here the weigher and guardian of the divine order, the one who oversees the passage of souls from time to eternity.
@@ Line 127: / Line 113: @@
 In this theological and artistic vision, the scales do not visibly hang from a hand, but rest firmly in its grip: justice is exercised, not delegated. The Archangel thus becomes the visible guarantor of the mystery of salvation and condemnation.
-?? Symbology of the raised arm and the sword
+=== Symbology of the raised arm and the sword ===
 One of the most striking elements of the depiction is the position of St Michael's raised arm, holding the sword, ready to be brandished. This gesture symbolises not violence, but the power of God's word and will that judges irrevocably.
@@ Line 135: / Line 120: @@
 In this gesture, angelic strength, eschatological authority and fidelity to the divine mission are united. Saint Michael is here not only a warrior, but an executor of the transcendent will, a symbol of a superior order that imposes itself beyond history.
-? Recommended multimedia content
+== Recommended multimedia content ==
-?? Images
-                            • Detail of the fresco - Michelangelo's Last Judgement
-? View on Wikipedia
-                            • Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
-? More on Wikipedia
-? Video
-                            • "Life of Michelangelo - The Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2018)
-?? Watch on RaiPlay
-                            • "Everyday Iconologies: Michelangelo, Last Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2022)
-?? Watch on RaiPlay
+=== Images ===
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudizio_universale_(Michelangelo) • Detail of the fresco - Michelangelo's Last Judgement]
-                            • "At the end of time. Michelangelo, the Last Judgement and..."
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauro_degli_affreschi_della_Cappella_Sistina • Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes]
-?? Watch on YouTube
+== Video ==
+[https://www.raiplay.it/video/2018/10/Vita-di-Michelangelo---Terza-puntata-9ed75155-0c80-4997-afc2-a36447879d05.html • "Life of Michelangelo - The Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2018)]
-                            • "Monday's work: Michelangelo, the Last Judgement".
+[https://www.raiplay.it/video/2022/09/Iconologie-quotidiane-Michelangelo-Giudizio-Universale-b9df3617-a08b-4e67-9bf7-16a4f778eb3c.html • "Everyday Iconologies: Michelangelo, Last Judgement" (RaiPlay, 2022)]
-?? Watch on YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUaAUWed_GE • "At the end of time. Michelangelo, the Last Judgement and..."]
-? Articles and insights
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g-tlg9hMug • "Monday's work: Michelangelo, the Last Judgement".]
-                            • "A few centimetres from Beauty" - Vatican News
+Articles and insights
-? Read the article
+[https://www.vaticannews.va/it/vaticano/news/2021-10/segreti-musei-vaticani-cappella-sistina-manutenzione-ordinaria.html • "A few centimetres from Beauty" - Vatican News]
-                            • "Discovering the virtual Sistine world" - L'Osservatore Romano
+[https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2020-07/alla-scoperta-del-mondo-delle-sistine-virtuali.html • "Discovering the virtual Sistine world" - L'Osservatore Romano]
-? Read the article
+== Sources and references ==
+• C. Pietrangeli, Michelangelo: The Last Judgement, Electa, Milan, 1996
-? Sources and references
+• H. Hibbard, Michelangelo, Rizzoli, Milan, 1989
-                            • C. Pietrangeli, Michelangelo: The Last Judgement, Electa, Milan, 1996
+• Catechism of the Catholic Church, §§ 678-682 (The Last Judgement)
-                            • H. Hibbard, Michelangelo, Rizzoli, Milan, 1989
+• Vatican Museums - Sistine Chapel Section
-                            • Catechism of the Catholic Church, §§ 678-682 (The Last Judgement)
+• Vatican News - Special "Restoration of the Last Judgement
-                            • Vatican Museums - Sistine Chapel Section
+• Wikimedia Commons - Public domain images
-                            • Vatican News - Special "Restoration of the Last Judgement
+• Vatican Media - Official documentaries
-                            • Wikimedia Commons - Public domain images
+• Rai Cultura - Dossier on Michelangelo and the Apocalypse
-                            • Vatican Media - Official documentaries
+== 3.6.4 - St. Michael in Renaissance altarpieces ==
-                            • Rai Cultura - Dossier on Michelangelo and the Apocalypse
-.6.4 - St. Michael in Renaissance altarpieces
-                            • ? Famous examples: Perugino, Dosso Dossi, Beato Angelico
+=== • Famous examples: Perugino, Dosso Dossi, Beato Angelico ===
 In the Renaissance, the Archangel Michael was depicted in numerous altarpieces, including:
-                            • Pietro Perugino: In the Vallombrosa Altarpiece, Saint Michael is depicted with elegance and harmony, distinctive characteristics of Perugino's style.
+  • Pietro Perugino: In the Vallombrosa Altarpiece, Saint Michael is depicted with elegance and harmony, distinctive characteristics of Perugino's style.
-                            • Dosso Dossi: In the Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael the Archangel, Saint Michael is depicted with a dynamic pose and vivid colours typical of the Ferrara Renaissance.
+• Dosso Dossi: In the Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael the Archangel, Saint Michael is depicted with a dynamic pose and vivid colours typical of the Ferrara Renaissance.
-                            • Fra Angelico: In the Fiesole Altarpiece, St. Michael appears next to the Virgin and other saints, with a serene and contemplative expression, reflecting the spirituality of the time.
+• Fra Angelico: In the Fiesole Altarpiece, St. Michael appears next to the Virgin and other saints, with a serene and contemplative expression, reflecting the spirituality of the time.
-? The liturgical role of shovels and public devotion
+=== The liturgical role of shovels and public devotion ===
 Renaissance altarpieces played a central role in liturgy and public devotion. Placed above the altar, they served as a focal point during religious celebrations, helping the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of faith. Saint Michael, often depicted in these works, symbolised the struggle between good and evil, offering devotees a model of virtue and courage.
-? Iconographic refinement and spiritual functions
+=== Iconographic refinement and spiritual functions ===
 The representations of St Michael in Renaissance altarpieces are characterised by an iconographic refinement that combines classical and Christian elements. The Archangel is often depicted with armour, sword and scales, symbols of divine justice and the fight against evil. These images not only decorated churches, but also served to instruct and inspire the faithful, strengthening their faith and devotion.
-? Recommended multimedia content
+== Recommended multimedia content ==
-?? Images
-                            • Pietro Perugino - Vallombrosa Altarpiece
-? Academy Gallery, Florence
-? View on Wikipedia
-                            • Dosso Dossi - Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel
+=== Images ===
+ [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_di_Vallombrosa • Pietro Perugino - Vallombrosa Altarpiece]
-? Galleria Estense, Modena
+Academy Gallery, Florence
-? Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel - Cultural Goods Catalogue
+• Dosso Dossi - Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel
-                            • Fra Angelico - Fiesole Altarpiece
+Galleria Estense, Modena
-? San Marco Museum, Florence
+[https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0800675929 Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel - Cultural Goods Catalogue]
-? View on Wikipedia
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_di_Fiesole • Fra Angelico - Fiesole Altarpiece]
-? Sources and references
+San Marco Museum, Florence
-                            • Wikipedia - Pala di Vallombrosa
+== Sources and references ==
+• Wikipedia - Pala di Vallombrosa
-                            • Wikipedia - Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel
+• Wikipedia - Madonna and Child between Saints George and Michael Archangel
-                            • Wikipedia - Pala di Fiesole
+• Wikipedia - Pala di Fiesole
-.6.5 - Monumental sculptures of St Michael
+== 3.6.5 - Monumental sculptures of St Michael ==
-                            • ?? The San Michele on the Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome)
+===   • The San Michele on the Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome) ===
 At the top of Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome stands the famous bronze statue of St Michael the Archangel, created between 1747 and 1752 by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt. The work depicts the Archangel in the act of sheathing his sword, a gesture that symbolises the end of the plague that struck Rome in 590 AD. According to tradition, Pope Gregory the Great had a vision in which St Michael appeared above Hadrian's mausoleum, announcing the end of the epidemic.
 The current statue is the sixth version placed on the castle and is an iconic landmark in the Roman cityscape, visible from various points in the city. Its presence symbolises divine protection over Rome and the victory of good over evil.
-? Gothic and Baroque sculptures in European cathedrals
+Gothic and Baroque sculptures in European cathedrals
 Numerous European cathedrals host monumental sculptures dedicated to St Michael, evidence of the spread of the Michaelic cult:
-                            • Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels: originally dedicated to St. Michael, it has Gothic elements that attest to its importance in the cult of the Archangel.
+• Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels: originally dedicated to St. Michael, it has Gothic elements that attest to its importance in the cult of the Archangel.
-                            • St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne: located in the French medieval city, it is a significant example of Gothic architecture dedicated to the Archangel.
+• St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne: located in the French medieval city, it is a significant example of Gothic architecture dedicated to the Archangel.
-                            • Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna: it houses a bronze statue of St Michael Archangel made by Alessandro Algardi around 1647, an example of Baroque sculpture depicting the Archangel in the act of defeating the devil.
+• Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna: it houses a bronze statue of St Michael Archangel made by Alessandro Algardi around 1647, an example of Baroque sculpture depicting the Archangel in the act of defeating the devil.
-?? Urban and architectural symbolism
+=== Urban and architectural symbolism ===
 Monumental sculptures of St Michael are not only works of art, but also symbols of protection and spiritual guidance in European cities. Their placement at strategic points, such as the top of buildings or the entrance to cathedrals, represents the Archangel's vigilance against the forces of evil.
 An emblematic example is the Sacra di San Michele in Piedmont, located on the summit of Mount Pirchiriano. This architectural complex, perched at the entrance to the Susa Valley, is part of the so-called 'Linea Sacra di San Michele', an alignment of seven sanctuaries dedicated to the Archangel stretching from Ireland to Israel.
-? Recommended media content Pictures
+== Recommended media content ==
-                            • Statue of St. Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome
-? View on Alamy
-                            • Statue of St Michael in Brussels Cathedral
-? View on Alamy
-                            • St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne
-? View on Alamy
-                            • Interior of the Museo Civico Medievale in Bologna
-? View on Bologna Welcome
+=== Pictures ===
+[https://www.alamy.it/foto-immagine-la-statua-in-bronzo-di-san-michele-arcangelo-castel-sant-angelo-roma-lazio-italia-43381236.html • Statue of St. Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome]
-                            • Sacra di San Michele, Piedmont
+[https://www.alamy.it/fotos-immagini/cathedrale-saint-michel-et-gudule.html • Statue of St Michael in Brussels Cathedral]
-? View on Filiamovia
+[https://www.alamy.it/la-parrocchia-di-san-michele-cattedrale-di-carcassonne-francia-image181888068.html • St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne]
-Video
+• Interior of the Museo Civico Medievale in Bologna
-                            • Castel Sant'Angelo - Rome
+[https://filiamovia.com/sacra-san-michele/ • Sacra di San Michele, Piedmont]
-? Watch on YouTube
+=== Video ===
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrXnx-1OgOU • Castel Sant'Angelo - Rome]
-                            • Rome's layered history: the Castel Sant'Angelo
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLG9iaRrc8A • Rome's layered history: the Castel Sant'Angelo]
-? Watch on YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOlfnhIVu54 • Castel Sant'Angelo visited by Philippe Daverio]
-                            • Castel Sant'Angelo visited by Philippe Daverio
+== Sources and references ==
+[https://castelsantangeloroma.it/statua-castel-sant-angelo/ • Statue of St Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo - castelsantangeloroma.it]
-? Watch on YouTube
+[https://www.scopribruxelles.com/cattedrale-bruxelles • Brussels Cathedral - scopribruxelles.com]
-? Sources and references
+[https://worldcitytrail.com/it/2024/11/14/cattedrale-san-michael-carcassonne/ • St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne - worldcitytrail.com]
-                            • Statue of St Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo - castelsantangeloroma.it
+[https://baroqueart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object%3BBAR%3Bit%3BMus12%3B12%3Bit • Saint Michael Archangel by Alessandro Algardi - baroqueart.museumwnf.org]
-                            • Brussels Cathedral - scopribruxelles.com
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_di_San_Michele • Sacra di San Michele - Wikipedia]
-                            • St Michael's Cathedral in Carcassonne - worldcitytrail.com
+[https://www.geopop.it/linea-sacra-san-michele-dove-passa-monasteri-santuari-tappe/ • Sacra di San Michele line - geopop.it]
-                            • Saint Michael Archangel by Alessandro Algardi - baroqueart.museumwnf.org
+[https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201203673 • General Catalogue of Cultural Goods - Statue of St Michael Archangel]
-                            • Sacra di San Michele - Wikipedia
+[https://www.alamy.it/foto-immagine-la-statua-in-bronzo-di-san-michele-arcangelo-castel-sant-angelo-roma-lazio-italia-43381236.html • Alamy - Statue of St. Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo]
-                            • Sacra di San Michele line - geopop.it
+• Bologna Welcome - Medieval Civic Museum
-                            • General Catalogue of Cultural Goods - Statue of St Michael Archangel
+[https://filiamovia.com/sacra-san-michele/ • Filiamovia - Sacra di San Michele]
-                            • Alamy - Statue of St. Michael on Castel Sant'Angelo
+== 3.6.6 - St Michael in Flemish and Nordic Art ==
-                            • Bologna Welcome - Medieval Civic Museum
-                            • Filiamovia - Sacra di San Michele
-.6.6 - St Michael in Flemish and Nordic Art
-                            • ? Hans Memling, Van Eyck, Bosch: Dramatic Reinterpretations
+=== • Hans Memling, Van Eyck, Bosch: Dramatic Reinterpretations ===
 Flemish and Nordic art of the 15th and 16th centuries offered intense and dramatic interpretations of the figure of St. Michael the Archangel, especially in the scenes of the Last Judgement.
-                            • Hans Memling, in his Triptych of the Last Judgement (1467-1473), depicts St. Michael in the centre of the main panel, weighing souls with scales, separating the blessed from the damned. The work, commissioned by the Florentine banker Angelo Tani, is now in the National Museum in Gda?sk .
+• Hans Memling, in his Triptych of the Last Judgement (1467-1473), depicts St. Michael in the centre of the main panel, weighing souls with scales, separating the blessed from the damned. The work, commissioned by the Florentine banker Angelo Tani, is now in the National Museum in Gda?sk .
-                            • Jan van Eyck, in the Diptych of the Crucifixion and Last Judgement (1430-1440), presents a detailed vision of the Judgement, with St Michael separating the righteous from the wicked, in a seascape where the dead rise from their graves.
+• Jan van Eyck, in the Diptych of the Crucifixion and Last Judgement (1430-1440), presents a detailed vision of the Judgement, with St Michael separating the righteous from the wicked, in a seascape where the dead rise from their graves.
-                            • Hieronymus Bosch, in his Last Judgement (1506-1508), offers a visionary and symbolic representation, with St. Michael weighing souls among hybrid creatures and hellish landscapes. The fragment of the work is kept in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich .
+ • Hieronymus Bosch, in his Last Judgement (1506-1508), offers a visionary and symbolic representation, with St. Michael weighing souls among hybrid creatures and hellish landscapes. The fragment of the work is kept in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich .
-? Theological approach and attention to detail
+=== Theological approach and attention to detail ===
 Flemish and Nordic artists are distinguished by their accuracy of detail and theological insight in their works. St Michael is often depicted with richly decorated armour, symbols of divine justice and instruments of judgement, such as the scales and the sword. The scenes of the
 Last Judgement are loaded with symbolism, with scriptural and iconographic references reflecting the religious beliefs of the time.
-?? The Archangel in the Judgement and weighing scene
+=== The Archangel in the Judgement and weighing scene ===
 St Michael is frequently depicted in the act of weighing souls, determining the eternal fate of people. This representation emphasises his role as judge and defender of divine justice. Scales often show a soul on one side and a devil or a symbolic weight on the other, highlighting the struggle between good and evil.
-? Recommended media content Pictures
+== Recommended media content ==
-                            • 1. Hans Memling - Triptych of the Last Judgement (Gda?sk Triptych)
-? Wikipedia, the free encyclopaediaYouTube+14Bridgeman Images+14ADO the work+14Analysis of
-                            • High-resolution image of the central panel:
-? Wikipedia, ,the free encyclopaediaWikipedia the free encyclopaedia
-. Jan van Eyck - St. Michael and a Donor (Dresden Triptych)
-? Wikipedia, the free encyclopaediaBridgeman Images+1FeelTheArt©+1
-        ? Image of the side panel with St Michael:
-? Pinterest
-. Hieronymus Bosch - Last Judgement (1506-1508)
-        ? Detail of the work on Bridgeman Images:
-? Bridgeman Images
-        ? Artistic print of the work:
-? MeisterDrucke
+=== Pictures ===
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trittico_di_Danzica?utm_source=chatgpt.com • 1. Hans Memling - Triptych of the Last Judgement (Gda?sk Triptych)]
-? Video
+[https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%3AMemling%2C_giudizio_universale_01.jpg?utm_source=chatgpt.com • High-resolution image of the central panel:]
-. Hans Memling - Triptych of the Last Judgement
+[https://www.bridgemanimages.com/it/noartistknown/last-judgment-1506-1508-by-hieronymus-bosch-circa-1450-1516-oil-on-canvas-59x113-cm-detail/oil-on-canvas/asset/517193?utm_source=chatgpt.com 2. Jan van Eyck - St. Michael and a Donor (Dresden Triptych)]
-    • Animation exploring the history of opera:
+[https://www.pinterest.com/pin/jan-van-eycksan-michele-e-un-donatore-pannello-laterale-del-trittico-di-dresda-olio-su-tavola1437-gemldegalerie--840765824156386261/?utm_source=chatgpt.com Image of the side panel with St Michael:]
-? YouTube
+[https://www.bridgemanimages.com/it/noartistknown/last-judgment-1506-1508-by-hieronymus-bosch-circa-1450-1516-oil-on-canvas-59x113-cm-detail/oil-on-canvas/asset/517193?utm_source=chatgpt.com 3. Hieronymus Bosch - Last Judgement (1506-1508)]
-    • Detailed documentary on the work:
+Detail of the work on Bridgeman Images:
-? YouTube
+[https://www.meisterdrucke.it/stampe-d-arte/Hieronymus-Bosch/1091977/Il-Giudizio-Universale.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com Artistic print of the work:]
-. Jan van Eyck - Crucifixion and Last Judgement (Diptych)
+MeisterDrucke
-    • In-depth analysis of the diptych:
+=== Video ===
+. Hans Memling - Triptych of the Last Judgement
-? YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B60p9Zr7j0&utm_source=chatgpt.com • Animation exploring the history of opera:]
-    • High-definition video of the work:
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-aeMVyoL60&utm_source=chatgpt.com • Detailed documentary on the work:]
-? YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DarNsv4rofk&utm_source=chatgpt.com 2. Jan van Eyck - Crucifixion and Last Judgement (Diptych)]
-. Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ucm1Iqcv5po&utm_source=chatgpt.com • In-depth analysis of the diptych:• High-definition video of the work:]
-    • Complete documentary on the work:
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx14iDiyC3Q&utm_source=chatgpt.com 3. Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights]
-? YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XE4U4_IeNl8&utm_source=chatgpt.com • Complete documentary on the work:]
-    • Analysis of the symbolism present in the work:
+• Analysis of the symbolism present in the work:
-? YouTube
+== Sources and references ==
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Memling • Hans Memling - Wikipedia]
-? Sources and references
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trittico_di_Danzica • Gdansk triptych - Wikipedia]
-    • Hans Memling - Wikipedia
+[[wikipedia:Crucifixion_and_Last_Judgement_diptych|• Jan van Eyck - Wikipedia]]
-    • Gdansk triptych - Wikipedia
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch • Hieronymus Bosch - Wikipedia]
-    • Jan van Eyck - Wikipedia
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudizio_universale_(Bosch_Monaco) • Last Judgement (Bosch Munich) - Wikipedia]
-    • Hieronymus Bosch - Wikipedia
+== 3.6.7 - Modern and Contemporary Works ==
-    • Last Judgement (Bosch Munich) - Wikipedia
-.6.7 - Modern and Contemporary Works
-                            • ? Representations of the 20th-21st centuries (Chagall, Dalí)
+=== • Representations of the 20th-21st centuries (Chagall, Dalí) ===
 In the 20th and 21st centuries, the figure of St Michael the Archangel has been reinterpreted by artists such as
 Marc Chagall and Salvador Dalí, who offered new symbolic and spiritual perspectives.
-                            • Marc Chagall integrated biblical and spiritual themes into his works, using vivid colours and dreamlike compositions. Although he has no direct representation of St. Michael, his art reflects the struggle between good and evil, themes central to the figure of the Archangel.
+• Marc Chagall integrated biblical and spiritual themes into his works, using vivid colours and dreamlike compositions. Although he has no direct representation of St. Michael, his art reflects the struggle between good and evil, themes central to the figure of the Archangel.
-                            • Salvador Dalí, in his 'nuclear mysticism' phase, explored religious themes through a surrealist lens. Works such as Christ of St. John of the Cross (1951) and Corpus Hypercubus (1954) show an interest in spirituality and transcendence, elements associated with the figure of St. Michael.
+• Salvador Dalí, in his 'nuclear mysticism' phase, explored religious themes through a surrealist lens. Works such as Christ of St. John of the Cross (1951) and Corpus Hypercubus (1954) show an interest in spirituality and transcendence, elements associated with the figure of St. Michael.
-? Symbolic and spiritual reworkings
+=== Symbolic and spiritual reworkings ===
 Modern and contemporary art has often used the figure of St Michael as a symbol of justice, protection and the fight against evil. Contemporary artists have reinterpreted the Archangel in a symbolic way, addressing themes such as spirituality, social justice and resistance against injustice.
-?? The Archangel between spirituality and denouncing evil
+=== The Archangel between spirituality and denouncing evil ===
 Saint Michael continues to be an emblematic figure in contemporary culture, representing the struggle between good and evil. His image is used in various artistic contexts to express the need for justice, protection and resistance against negative forces.
-? Recommended media content Pictures
+== Recommended media content ==
-                            • 1. Marc Chagall - Ceiling of the Opéra Garnier (1964)
-High-resolution visualisation on Google Arts & Culture:
-? Marc Chagall's Ceiling for the Paris Opéra
-                            • Detailed information on the project:
-? Pariscityvision - Chagall's frescoes on the ceiling of the Opéra Garnier
-. Salvador Dalí - Christ of St. John of the Cross (1951)
-? Christ of St. John of the Cross - Wikipedia
-    • Description and details of the work:
-? Arthive - Christ of St John of the CrossLog in or sign up to view+3Tourism Rome+3The Young Bible+3
-? Video
-. Marc Chagall - Ceiling of the Opéra Garnier
-        ? Documentary on the making of the ceiling:
-? Marc Chagall's Ceiling for the Paris Opera - YouTube
+=== Pictures ===
+[https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/marc-chagall’s-ceiling-for-the-paris-opéra-marc-chagall/RwHNmMsONyvObQ?hl=en • 1. Marc Chagall - Ceiling of the Opéra Garnier (1964]
-        ? Overview of the ceiling of the Opéra Garnier:
+[https://www.pariscityvision.com/en/paris/landmarks/opera-garnier/chagall-ceiling • Detailed information on the project:]
-? Chagall ceiling. Opera Garnier - YouTube
+[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristo_di_San_Giovanni_della_Croce 2. Salvador Dalí - Christ of St. John of the Cross (1951)]
-. Salvador Dalí - Christ of St. John of the Cross
+[https://arthive.com/it/salvadordali/works/383838~Cristo_di_San_Giovanni_della_Croce • Description and details of the work:]
-        ? Analysis of the work and its significance:
+=== Video ===
+. Marc Chagall - Ceiling of the Opéra Garnier
-? Salvador Dali: Great Art Explained - YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQo2pDwXKo0 Documentary on the making of the ceiling:]
-        ? Exploration of Dalí's Surrealist world:
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snBY2FFcw2w Overview of the ceiling of the Opéra Garnier:]
-? Salvador Dalí| The Surreal World of Dreams - YouTube
+. Salvador Dalí - Christ of St. John of the Cross
-        ? ?
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA0RAPh2ZgU Analysis of the work and its significance:]
-? Sources and references
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ht30Xyma_l8 Exploration of Dalí's Surrealist world:]
-        ? Marc Chagall - Wikipedia
+== Sources and references ==
+[[wikipedia:Marc_Chagall|Marc Chagall - Wikipedia]]
-        ? Salvador Dalí - Wikipedia
+[[wikipedia:Salvador_Dalí|Salvador Dalí - Wikipedia]]
-        ? Marc Chagall's Ceiling for the Paris Opera - YouTube
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQo2pDwXKo0 Marc Chagall's Ceiling for the Paris Opera - YouTube]

Latest revision as of 20:55, 30 June 2025

3.6 - Famous works of art dedicated to St. Michael

3.6.1 - Raphael's Saint Michael

• Analysis of the painting in the Louvre

Composition, colours and symbolism

Reflections on the cultural and spiritual context

Multimedia content

Images

Recommended videos

Sources

3.6.2 - The Saint Michael by Guido Reni

• Description of the canvas and its iconographic fortune

The ideal of angelic beauty and triumph over the devil

Diffusion of the Image in Later Sacred Art

Recommended media content

Pictures

Video

Sources and references

3.6.3 - Michelangelo's Last Judgement (Sistine Chapel)

• The Archangel's position in the eschatological scene

Iconography of judgement and psychostasy

Symbology of the raised arm and the sword

Recommended multimedia content

Images

Video

Sources and references

3.6.4 - St. Michael in Renaissance altarpieces

• Famous examples: Perugino, Dosso Dossi, Beato Angelico

The liturgical role of shovels and public devotion

Iconographic refinement and spiritual functions

Recommended multimedia content

Images

Sources and references

3.6.5 - Monumental sculptures of St Michael

• The San Michele on the Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome)

Urban and architectural symbolism

Recommended media content

Pictures

Video

Sources and references

3.6.6 - St Michael in Flemish and Nordic Art

• Hans Memling, Van Eyck, Bosch: Dramatic Reinterpretations

Theological approach and attention to detail

The Archangel in the Judgement and weighing scene

Recommended media content

Pictures

Video

Sources and references

3.6.7 - Modern and Contemporary Works

• Representations of the 20th-21st centuries (Chagall, Dalí)

Symbolic and spiritual reworkings

The Archangel between spirituality and denouncing evil

Recommended media content

Pictures

Video

Sources and references